Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics.
Major developments in this period include the replacement of the geocentric model of the solar system by Copernicus' heliocentric model, the laws governing the motion of planetary bodies defined by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, and pioneering work in telescopes and observational astronomy by Galileo Galilei in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the discovery of Isaac Newton and the unification of the universal laws of motion and gravitation that will bear his name. Newton also developed calculus, the mathematical study of change, which introduced new mathematical methods for solving physical problems.
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